In 1986, The Education Of The Handicapped Act Amendments

In 1986, the Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986 was enacted. This law mandated special education services for pre-schoolers with disabilities and also provided some additional funding for infant and toddler programs. IDEA was once again reauthorized by Congress in 2004. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 added some additional requirements for the states. The reauthorization increased state and local accountability and also set new requirements for students with specific learning disabilities. Schools were required to establish goals for participation rates and proficiency in students with disabilities for state testing, increase access to the general education curriculum, and asked†¦show more content†¦All schools have an obligation to find and evaluate all children who may have a disability. No single test can be used to make an eligibility determination decision and all decisions are team decisions. A child’s eligibility category should never determine where that child is placed. If a student meets qualification requirements, the Individual Education Plan (IEP) team determines the appropriate educational services needed for each individual student based on evaluation results, the goals for the student, and the classroom needs. Parents are included as a member of the IEP team and request for input it sought from parents whenever a new evaluation is completed. Students may also be included on the IEP team. The IEP is a legal document and is written based on the IEP team meeting input from all IEP team members. The IEP team is tasked with reviewing present levels of performance and recent evaluation information to develop goals to meet the student’s educational needs. The IEP team must provide access to the general education curriculum as much as possible. This is the least restrictive environment (LRE). The IEP team documents how the student’s disability adversely affects their pr ogress in general education curriculum. The IEP team decides on the annual measurable goals and services including the amount of service time, whereShow MoreRelatedHistory of Special Education1539 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Special Education By: Kenyata York December 5, 2012 SPE 526 ABSTRACT Individuals with disabilities have the same passion, drive, determination and ambitions of traditional students. Students living with disabilities are just as capable of learning and retaining information just like traditional students in the classroom. In today’s society, there are an abundance of laws and regulations that are in place to protect and educate individuals with disabilities. However, the idea ofRead More The Individuals with Disability Education Act Policy Essay example1602 Words   |  7 PagesDisabilities Education Act (IDEA), which is a supersession of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 is a federal law which requires states and their school districts to provide individuals with disabilities a free and appropriate education. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. US Department O f Education (n.d.) The populationRead MoreMovers and Shakers Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesShakers 2 Education across the world has experienced significant changes. Students are now required to learn and behave by standard guidelines. Teachers are now held accountable for teaching certain lessons to the students. There are people, laws, and organized groups that have done extensive research and studies to decide who should learn what and in which manner. The following articles will explain a few of those changes and the impact each has had on education. In 1859, a lawsuitRead MoreSpecial Education Laws2071 Words   |  9 PagesA. 1. Free and Appropriate Public Education This mandate states that every child, abled and disabled, must be provided a free and appropriate public education. (Gargiulo, 2006) 2. Least Restrictive Environment This mandate states that if a mainstream classroom is conducive to a child’s individual needs they must be educated with children without disabilities. Every effort must be made to be inclusive of a child with disabilities in a regular classroom setting alongside children withRead More Federal Laws Essay examples2072 Words   |  9 Pageslaws that govern education of children with disabilities. However, they do not require inclusion, but only that a significant effort be made to find an inclusive placement. The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was amended in 1997. The term inclusion does not appear in the act, but does require that children with disabilities be educated to the maximum extent appropriate in the least restrictive environment, which is interpreted to mean the regular education classroom. The intentRead MoreIndividuals with Disabilities Act2122 Words   |  9 PagesA. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997 (IDEA ), is a federal special education law and was signed into law in June 1997. The IDEA pledges that each child with a disability as well as students who need special education services has the right to a free proper public education, with the least restrictive environment. Below are the six components that are included in the IDEA. They include; 1 Free Appropriate Public Education(FAPE): In this component, the IDEA pledgesRead MoreInclusive Education3595 Words   |  15 PagesINCLUSIVE EDUCATION: CHALENGES AND PROSPECT IN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE ABSTRACT Inclusive education is process of strengthening the capacity of the education system to reach out to all learners, irrespective of their abilities, disabilities, ethnicity, gender and age, and receives quality education. The purpose of the study is to ensure that all children gain access to quality education that will prepare them to contribute to country’s progress. Recommendations to send children with disabilities toRead MoreHomelessness As Positively Affected by the McKinney Act1436 Words   |  6 Pages This paper will attempt to explain the plight faced by one of the largest, most vulnerable populations in America today: the homeless, and how the McKinney Act has affected it. This out-group faces many hardships and many different policies have been put into place both helping and harming their overall wellbeing.â€Æ' Policies Implemented For Homeless Many social welfare policies have been put into place throughout the course of history to attempt to deal with the ever present problem of homelessnessRead MoreDomestic Issues of the 1970s3703 Words   |  15 Pagestime of new advancements and turmoil in the world of education. One of the most influential progressions in education was the further implementation of desegregation in schools. In Prince Georges County, Maryland, on the eastern border of Washington, DC, school desegregation, which in theory should have been an easy task, took twenty years for the county school board to devise a plan that met federal court and Department of Health, Education and Welfare standards. The process was overtly complicatedRead MoreSpecial Education Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Special Education In ancient Greece and Rome there are isolated examples of caring for and treating disabled individuals, although those instances are thought to be family members taking care of their own family. Typically early societies shunned people who were considered different. During the Middle Ages the church provided care for physically or mentally impaired people. The development of techniques associated with special education of today did not emerge until the Renaissance era

Essay on Samuel Coleridges Poem Kubla Khan - 1122 Words

Samuel Coleridges Poem Kubla Khan In the poem Kubla Khan by Samuel Coleridge, language is used to convey images from Coleridge’s imagination. This is done with the use of vocabulary, imagery, structure, use of contrasts, rhythm and sound devices such as alliteration and assonance. By conveying his imagination by using language, the vocabulary used by coleridge is of great importance. The five lines of the poem Kubla Khan sound like a chant or incantation, and help suggest mystery and supernatural themes of the poem. Another important theme of the poem is that of good versus evil. The vocabulary used throughout the poem helps convey these themes in images to the reader. In the first two lines, Coleridge describes the ‘pleasure†¦show more content†¦The disorder and primitive cycles of nature are mixed with images of evil and the threat of war are also introduced in the second stanza. In the third stanza, the life forces are entwined together to prove that beauty and danger cannot be separated from eachother, despite what the ruler Kubla Khan wants. Kubla Khan is a self-portrayal by Coleridge who believes that it is he who controls the land of Xanadu. A sunny pleasure dome With caves of ice The dome itself is a contrast with sun and ice, the sun symbolising all things good and the ice symbolising death and destruction. There is a definite change of tone between the third and fourth stanzas. The fourth stanza no longer describes Xanadu, but Coleridge’s desire for control over his imagination, to be able to recon jure up the feelings and ideas of Xanadu. The two parts may initially seem unconnected, but the ideas in both parts of the poem link these sections together by showing that even the ruler cannot have control over the forces of nature, and the writer over his imagination. Both parts of the poem deal with the attempt to create: Kubla Khan has built a pleasure dome and Coleridge is trying to use language to recreate the perfection of his dream with words. The poem is conveyed to the reader with the use of language and the structuring of the poem plays an important part in this. In the poem Kubla Khan, Coleridge uses contrasts in the images he presents to his audience. Xanadu isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Kubla Khan: A Miracle of Rare Device1330 Words   |  6 Pages Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poem â€Å"Kubla Khan† is a masterpiece of ambiguity; from its inception to its meaning. â€Å"Kubla Khan† is a poem of abundant literary devices; most notably these devices include metaphors, allusions, internal rhyme, anthropomorphism, simile, alliteration, and perhaps most of all structure. But the devices that Coleridge used to create â€Å"Kubla Khan† is at the very least what makes this poem provocative; Coleridge’s opium induced vision and utopian ideals combined with his literaryRead Moreâ€Å"Kubla Khan:† A Description of Earthly Paradise Essay example1998 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"Kubla Khan† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is said to be â€Å"one of the best remembered works of the Romantic period,† (Gr ay) and though this poem may seem speak deeply about the world, its conception was fairly simple: Coleridge had been reading a book about Kubla Khan in Xanadu (by a man named Samuel Purchas) before falling into a deep sleep induced by an opium mixture to which he had long since had an addiction. When he awoke from this drug induced stupor, he had apparently 200 to 300 lines ofRead MoreKubla Khan1621 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Kublah Khan† Samuel Coleridges poem â€Å"Kubla Khan† is an example of romantic creative thought which uses idealistic process to capture a dream of another world. Through the use of strong imagery, Coleridge produces a paradise like vision of a rich landscape, which is surrounded by a dome built by the main character named for the title, Kublah Khan. This alludes to an important aspect of the poems theme, man verses nature. The overriding theme of the work contains extensive imagery that allows forRead MoreSound and Sense in Kubla Kahn816 Words   |  3 Pagesexplore the definition of the poem, Samuel Taylor Coleridge concludes that a poem is distinguished from the works of science by, Proposing for its immediate object pleasure, not truth. The recent denotation of pleasure to solely sensual enjoyment makes his definition seem a subjective belief. However, by pleasure, Coleridge means recognition of, The beauty of the universe, to borrow Wordsworths words, and gives it a metaphysical lay er (Gilpin.) Coleridges second clause distinguishes theRead More Poetic Inspiration in Kubla Khan and Rime of the Ancient Mariner2238 Words   |  9 PagesPoetic Inspiration in Kubla Khan and Rime of the Ancient Mariner      Ã‚  Ã‚   An examination of the characters that Coleridge presents in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan and the situations in which they find themselves reveals interesting aspects of Coleridges own character that are both similar to and different from the characters named in the titles of these poems. In particular, an examination of these characters with an eye toward Coleridges conception of poetic inspirationRead MoreKubla Khan Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesIn the opening lines of Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s paradoxical poem â€Å"Kubla Khan,† we see an approach to literacy that is far different than his predecessors. This is partly due to his role as one of the founders of the Romantic Era. Coleridge, along with William Wordsworth, published an anthology of poems entitled â€Å"Lyrical Ballads.† This collection was the beginning of an overwhelming movement to praise the power of imagination rather than that of reason. While â€Å"Kubla Khanà ¢â‚¬  was not a part of thisRead More The Composition and Publication History of Samuel T. Coleridges Kubla Khan2601 Words   |  11 PagesComposition and Publication History of Samuel T. Coleridges Kubla Khan Although the exact date remains unknown, it is believed that Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote his poem Kubla Khan sometime in the fall of 1797 and began revisions of it in the early spring of 1798. Interestingly, although no original manuscript has been found, the Crewe Manuscript of Kubla Khan was discovered in 1934. Currently, the Crewe Manuscript is the earliest know version of Kubla Khan and is believed to have been writtenRead MoreKubla Khan: A Dream, or Something Greater Essay2208 Words   |  9 Pagesadvice in the crafting of Kubla Khan; which presents his interpretation of the Kubla Khan court when under the influence of opiates. Due to the complexity of the poem, many have found that the poem lacks a true theme but instead focuses on â€Å"the nature and dialectical process of poetic creation.† Coleridge created a masterpiece by providing the readers room for personal interpretation but also a poem so well crafted that it illustrates the Romantic period as a whole. Samuel Taylor Coleridge was theRead MoreCritical Analysis of Kubla Khan by S.T. Coleridge1627 Words   |  7 PagesIn the poem Kubla Khan by Samuel Coleridge, language is used to convey images from Coleridges imagination. This is done with the use of vocabulary, imagery, structure, use of contrasts, rhythm and sound devices such as alliteration and assonance. By conveying his imagination by using language, the vocabulary used by Coleridge is of great importance. The five lines of the poem Kubla Khan sound like a chant or incantation, and help suggest mystery and supernatural themes of the poem. Another importantRead MoreKubla Khan Analysis Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesSamuel Coleridges poem Kubla Khan is a supremely beautiful example of the Romantic belief regarding creative thought and the creative process. It is a whimsical peek at the nature of the unconsicious and at the art of inspiration and holding on to imagination that has captivated many for its musical and lyrical nature. Although deemed largely unfinished and incomplete by some scholars and by the author himself, Kubla Khan has held its ground as a literary masterpiece of its time for its impeccable

Postsecular Organizational Culture †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Postsecular Organizational Culture. Answer: Introduction: Human beings have different values and beliefs. Different families communities and friends contribute to who we are and how we see the world and sometimes how we think. Our values and beliefs are the ideologies or standards that a group of people or individuals support or perceive to be of worth. Our value and beliefs guide the manner in which we live and the decisions we make on our daily basis. In other words, our values and beliefs are the qualities/things that we consider to be of worth (Stokes, Baker Lichy, 2016). Values and beliefs are formed by a specific understanding on the worth of a behavior or idea. For instance, some people see value in saving the rainforests because they belief it is the right thing to do, however, the people who depend on the rainforest for wood will not place similar values and beliefs (Heinicke, Guenther Widener, 2016). As a healthcare provider, I have my values, beliefs, and culture different from the other people. In this case, as I work with people from vulnerable or/and live a lifestyle that the other people view as unacceptable or different. Being a healthcare provider, I should provide healthcare services that meets the needs of these people and help them feel empowered. In this case, our values, beliefs, and culture influence our judgment and the nature of support we give our clients (Hayes, Owen Lie, 2017). It is equally important not to pressure the client into a decision based on our beliefs, values, and culture (Chao, Takeuchi Farh, 2017). Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of other peoples values and beliefs and design ways to adopt professional values into the healthcare industry rather than imposing personal values and beliefs on the patients and to work with the aim of supporting the values and beliefs of the client. References Chao, M. M., Takeuchi, R., Farh, J. L. (2017). Enhancing cultural intelligence: The roles of implicit culture beliefs and adjustment.Personnel Psychology,70(1), 257-292. Hayes, J. A., Owen, J., Nissen-Lie, H. A. (2017). The contributions of client culture to differential therapist effectiveness. 2(4) 23- 45 Heinicke, A., Guenther, T. W., Widener, S. K. (2016). An examination of the relationship between the extent of a flexible culture and the levers of control system: The key role of beliefs control.Management Accounting Research,33, 25-41. Stokes, P., Baker, C., Lichy, J. (2016). The role of embedded individual values, belief and attitudes and spiritual capital in shaping everyday postsecular organizational culture.European Management Review,13(1), 37-51.

Speed Limits on the Highways Essay Example

Speed Limits on the Highways Essay Nowadays out streets and highways are filled with automobiles, motors, buses and different other vehicles, which make problems of traffic safety topical for our society. Thousands of accidents happen every day in our country, and the statistic of lethal outcomes is really scary. The majority of reasons, which usually bring to accidents and deaths on the roads, are connected with speeding and alcohol usage.That is why it is necessary to think about assuming some drastic measures, directed on protection of our citizens on the road and next to it. This problem has to receive permanent public concern and attention. To my mind, establishing of speed limits is one of such measures, which can work well and be really effective. Speed limitations can be especially efficient for extremely busy roads, like motorways, highways or freeways.Currently, all 50 states of our country adopted the laws, which set up speed limitations on the roads and highways. Speed limit is maximum (or minimum) speed e stablished by legislation for one of another type of road. Usually, the drivers can be informed about speed limits on the roads with the help of traffic signs, which appear next to the roads.Of course, speed limits vary according to the type of the roads and type of the vehicle. A number of states have different speed limits for such vehicles, as buses, trucks and other commercial means of transportation and, as a rule, maximum speed limit for such vehicles is lower, than the one for usual cars. Also, some states have different day-time speed limitations and night-time speed limitations.Average speed limits in the United States are the following: 45–70 mph on the highways and expressways, connecting the cities or towns, 55–70 mph on non-Interstate expressways, and up to75 mph on interstate freeways (Wikipedia). In some states speed limits can exceed 75 mph, like in Texas or Kansas, where it is allowed to drive with the speed 80mph on some roads.Certainly, speed limits slightly vary from one state to another. For example, in Arizona usual maximum speed limit for highways is 75 mph and in Tennessee it is at most 65 mph. It is interesting also, that generally the states on the West of the country have speed higher limits, than the ones in the East (Wikipedia).There is a special rule, connected with establishing of speed limits, which is used in our country since the middle of XX century. It is called the 85th Percentile Rule. The concept of this rule is the following: typically 85% of drivers do not exceed the threshold of safeness in normal circumstances. It means that 85% of drivers usually drive with the speed, which is relatively safe for particular road or highway. That is why the majority of current speed limitations are set by traffic engineers, according to this finding.Speed limits are really very necessary, because the drivers of the vehicles, which are moving with too very high speed, can not react quickly on the changes of the situation on the road. Also, a speeding car has considerably lower ability to maneuver and can not stop its movement fast. In such cases, established speed limitations help the drivers to keep their vehicles under permanent control during their travel.Therefore, the main functions of speed limits are slowing down the traffic and decreasing the amount of accidents, connected with speeding. Especially, it can be said about the highways, where a lot of vehicles move permanently with relatively high speed. That is why the accidents on highways are exceptionally dangerous for people.Besides, speed limitations are directed on strengthening of safety of the drivers, as well. Speeding is very dangerous for the automobile itself. When speeding, the processes in mechanism of the car get accelerated and fasten very intensively. Sometimes driving speed is too very high and the mechanism of the automobile can not stand on such intensification and tension. That is why in such situations engine can blow or other malfunction of car can happen.Certainly, speed limitations have other important functions. Frequently, speed limitations are connected with some special situations on the roads, like roadwork or bad environmental conditions. In such cases, speed limitations play the role of reminders about the most reasonable speed levels on one or another part of a highway, and make our roads much safer.In other words, speed limitations attract attention of the drivers to the most unsafe and critical parts of the highways. For example, tough speed limitations can be very effective in those parts of the roads, where some reconstruction or road expansion take place. Or, some special speed limits can be established for the roads, which are located on dangerous territories: for example, in the mountains, where the roads are spiral.In addition, speed limits have one more very practicable reason. They are necessary for our society as an effective reinforcement instrument for the police. Only specif ied speed limits can serve as reference points, which help to control the speeders on the roads. That is why established speed limits can help police officers in providing and securing conditions for safe traveling on the highways, and also in catching and fighting with chronic speeders. Speed limits are exceptional regulations of traffic on the roads.Many opponents of speed limits say that established limits can not force all drivers to obey them. They point on large amount of those drivers, who enjoy speeding in anyway. This can be partially true. But still the majority of drivers pays attention on speed limitation signs and tries to fit into established speed limits, because these limitations serve for the safety of the very drivers, as well. Besides, any specified speed limitation is better, than unspecified ones!Speed limits are very important and effective measures of road safety! They must exist, but certainly they have to be realistic, reasonable and flexible. Speed limits h ave to vary, depending on the category, location and business of a street or a highway. Such details, like weather conditions, terrain features, condition of the road, etc., must be obligatory taken into consideration, when establishing speed limits.According to the statistics, about 32% of lethal accidents are connected with speeding. (Blagojevich) That is why it is extremely important not only to establish speed limitations, but also to control observation of these limits by the drivers, especially on the highways and freeways, where the existing speed limitations are rather high and the situation always remains dangerous for safety of our citizens.Bibliography: ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blagojevich, Rod. Speed Limit Enforcement. Illinois State Police. 2004. 14 Dec. 2005 http://www.isp.state.il.us/traffic/speedlimitenf.cfm . ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Speed Limit. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia Online. 4 Dec. 2005 14 Dec. 2005 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spee d_limit . ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Speed Limits. Arizona Department of Transportation. ITD Highways Home Page.14 Dec. 2005 http://www.azdot.gov/Highways/Traffic/Speed.asp .

Outbreak of WW1 essays

Outbreak of WW1 essays It was Otto Von Bismarcks dream of a German empire that really got the ball rolling towards world war one. In 1862, Bismarck was chosen foreign minister of Prussia and from there he defeated the Austrians and the French where he gained much territory (states) which clearly caused much tension through Western Europe, and created Bismarcks German empire. From there, Bismarck realised that the French would desire la revanche for their crushing defeats against Prussia and for that reason created the new foreign policy to isolate France. This is where the alliance system really got out of control. He first created the Three Emperors League in 1873; this consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia. And was basically an agreement to confer with each other about international importance and to keep on the fence if attacked by any other nation outside the league. The only real problem with this alliance was the on edge attitude between Austria-Hungary and Russia who both had interests in controlling the Balkan region. Bismarck did not have much confidence in the Russians and formed stronger ties with the Austria-Hungarians and in 1879 the Dual Alliance was signed in secret. They both agreed if either was attacked by Russia they would be helped and to stay non-aligned if attacked by another country. This was a very brave move which really could have caused a huge amount of hostility in Europe, but the alliance continued until WWI. In 1882 the alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary was expanded into a triple alliance and Italy joined. It then expanded again with Romania joining in 1883 and Turkey joining in 1914. In 1887 the Russians turned down the Three Emperors League because of the tension still between Austria-Hungary and themselves. The secret of politics? Make a good treaty with Russia. The Germans realising the importance of Russia (being one ...

Consumer Behavior Example

Consumer Behavior Example Consumer Behavior – Coursework Example Consumer Behavior Consumer Behavior Complaints against Wal-Mart According to the complaints posted by consumers on the independent complaints website Consumer Affairs, it can be inferred that a number of consumers are not satisfied with the service of Wal-Mart. According to one of the complaints, the customer had to face disappointment because no one from the staff helped him out with his queries. According to another customer, the staff did not have knowledge regarding the products available at Wal-Mart therefore he could not find the product he was looking for. Therefore, the company should conduct trainings for its staff in order to enable the staff to satisfy the customers (ConsumerAffairs.com).Complaints against DisneyAccording the complaints posted on an independent website by consumers, it can be inferred that Disney does not treat its customers empathetically. There have been complaints against the Disney cruise by a number of customers. According to one of the customers, he booked a cruise and received a booklet only to find out the dates were incorrect. When he called to find out the problem, he was told that there could be no modifications and the charges to cancel the booking were unusually high. Therefore, Disney should revise its policies to make them consumer friendly (ConsumerAffairs.com).Complaints against SaturnSaturn is a popular car but there have also been complaints about it by a number of consumers on an independent complaints website. According to one of the consumers, the key got stuck in ignition and the consumer was unable to turn down the engine. According to the consumer, the same problem was faced by a number of other consumers as well. Another problem had to face a problem with starting the car in cold or damn mornings. Similarly, other problems faced by consumers were locking of the ignition switch, problem with door locks, and automatic acceleration. Therefore, the company should initiate quality control procedures in order to e nsure that the vehicles do not have any problem. The company should also conduct a survey in order to realize the main problems faced by the consumers (ConsumerAffairs.com).ReferencesConsumerAffairs.com. Wal-Mart. Retrieved March 24, 2011 from consumeraffairs.com/retail/walmart.htmConsumerAffairs.com. Disney Cruises. Retrieved March 24, 2011 from consumeraffairs.com/travel/disney_cruises.htmConsumerAffairs.com. Saturn. Retrieved March 24, 2011 from consumeraffairs.com/automotive/saturn.htm

Engineers create artefacts and processes through design. Design is Essay

Engineers create artefacts and processes through design. Design is open ended and creative. Discuss design processes with refere - Essay Example The design process in many cases involves the application of mathematics, engineering, and basic sciences principles to optimally convert resources to meet specified aims. This paper discusses the design process from the perspective of mechanical engineering. Steps Involved in the Design Process Need or Problem Identification and Research In order to be able to solve an engineering or design problem, it is vital to identify the problem or need (Ullman 2009). When a design engineer fails to identify a problem or need properly, the engineer may end up wasting a lot of time and resources. In order to stick to the project goals, the mechanical engineers often rely on subjective and measurable metrics. Once the need or problem has been identified, the engineers must engage in research to establish the issue as it is currently and to establish the solutions that exist (Eide, Jenison, Mashaw and Northup 2002). By engaging in research, the engineers equip themselves to be able to come up wit h the best possible solution to the problem or need. The engineers must establish if there are products that have been designed to solve the same problem in the market and their advantages and disadvantages. Based on their findings, the engineers have to narrow down to what is relevant to their case. Potential Solutions The engineers often end up with a lot of information regarding products currently on the market and how they are designed. They have therefore to engage in brainstorming to come up with possible solutions and the advantages and disadvantages of each of the possible solutions (Eide, Jenison, Mashaw and Northup 2002). At this stage, the design engineer needs to think of ways of improving each of the possible solutions. The engineering designer needs to be creative in coming up with improvements to the products in the market or in designing a product that is novel. The performance of each of the possible solutions is then analyzed through the application of engineering science and mathematical principles (Eggert 2010). The analysis may be geared toward reducing risks and detecting problems that may come with the improved solutions. Best Possible Solution With several possible solutions to the problem or need, the design engineer then has to choose the solution that best meets the original requirements (Lumsdaine, Lumsdaine, and Shelnutt 1999). Making a decision regarding the solution to proceed with may be challenging and involves making the evaluation of competing needs. Some of the factors that may affect the choice of the best possible solution include cost, size, weight, and safety just to mention a few. Prototype Creation, Testing and Evaluation It would be imprudent at this stage for the engineers to proceed with the actual production of the product as designed before having it tested and evaluated. The engineers therefore need to create a prototype of the product if possible modeling in 2D and 3D using computer applications such as CAD soft ware (Hyman 1998). The prototype is then tested and evaluated to establish if it works and meets the original design requirements and limits. Redesign The prototype may be slightly changed or improved in case of need once the prototype has been tested and evaluated. The changes or improvements are normally implemented to optimize the